Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), also known as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), is thought to affect between 0.2-0.4% of the UK population. These figures are likely to be inaccurate, as other causes of chronic fatigue exist. In addition, since the COVID-19 pandemic, there are around 1.7 million people in the UK who still suffer from the symptoms of Long COVID, which look similar to ME.
ME is a long-term illness primarily characterised by profound tiredness that does not improve with rest. Symptoms worsen with physical or mental activity and are termed post-exertional malaise (PEM). ME has a wide range of disabling symptoms affecting multiple body systems. In addition to fatigue, symptoms commonly include dizziness, cognitive difficulties, described as “brain fog”, muscle and joint pain, headaches, and sore throat.
There is no single known cause for ME. Genetic factors may contribute to its development. Certain infections, such as glandular fever and pneumonia, can trigger ME. People may fully recover from these infections but then succumb to the symptoms of ME. Some people report that their ME symptoms started following a physical or emotional trauma. People with preexisting conditions such as fibromyalgia are also at higher risk of developing ME.
ME can affect anyone but is more prevalent in women than men. This disparity may be due to biological, social, and psychological factors influencing how symptoms are experienced and reported. ME is most commonly diagnosed in young to middle-aged adults, although it can occur in all age spectrum. If ME is diagnosed in adolescents, it can significantly disrupt their development due to the interruption of schooling.
Treatments are limited to symptom management. The most debilitating symptom is treated first, so this will vary from person to person. Over-the-counter ibuprofen may be sufficient to manage pain symptoms, although those who also have fibromyalgia may need more potent medications such as pregabalin, duloxetine, or amitriptyline. For those who experience dizziness and nausea, medications to regulate blood pressure may help. Symptoms of depression can be eased with relaxation techniques, meditation, yoga, and maintaining a well-balanced diet and sleep regimen. Anti-depression medication may also be used. Monitoring daily activities will help to balance exertion and rest, which reduces relapses.
Long COVID has distinct differences from ME/CFS as the symptoms follow infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Long COVID, also has a wider range of symptoms that can include gastrointestinal issues, shortness of breath, and loss of smell or taste.
Awareness of ME is crucial for understanding the challenges faced by those affected and for promoting research, support and effective treatments. You can learn more about ME/CFS from the resources below.
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